Utilitarianism The Morally Right Action - 1194 Words

Tulasha Thapa Final Paper Utilitarianism Utilitarianism states, â€Å"The morally right action is determined by the consequences of the action, not the motives of the agent†. Utilitarianisms consider happiness to be the foundation of morality. The famous version, â€Å"act utilitarianism,† says the morally right action is the one that brings about the greatest consequence of the greatest number of people. Mill thought it was obvious that everyone ultimately wants to be happy, so he made this the foundation of his moral philosophy. Mill notice that people were literally defining utility as the opposite of pleasure and not understanding the complete purpose of utilitarianism. Whereas, utility is defined, â€Å"As pleasure itself together with freedom from†¦show more content†¦According to the article written by Nordqvist, Christian Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide. In medical news today, the English medical word â€Å"euthanasia† originates from the Greek word eu meaning â€Å"good,† and t he Greek word thanatos meaning â€Å"death .† He also points out that, â€Å"Euthanasia† is commonly known as assisted suicide by medical professionals, or an intentionally ending individual life to minimize overall suffering or pain. In the UK, it is illegal for anybody to practice euthanasia. It does not matter how bad the situation is, no one can end one’s life in order to get rid of pain. In the majority of countries euthanasia is against the law. But in the United States, law varies in different states. In some states it is legal for euthanasia and in some it is illegal. Additionally, it is mentioned â€Å"Thomas More (1478-1535) who was recognized as a saint within the Catholic Church, once thought a utopian community as one that would facilitate the death of those people whose lives had become burden due to severe pain .† Moreover, it is been said that euthanasia remains as one of the debate topics in many countries, including: USA, Canada, and Wes tern Europe since 1800s and in 1828, an anti-euthanasia law was passed in the NY state. According to The New York Times John T. Noonan, federal judge wrote numerous opinions about the issues like assisted suicide, died in the age of 90. â€Å"That opinion was mostly based on the issueShow MoreRelatedEssay about Using Utilitarianism to Address Abortion1286 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper, I will be defining act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism, use both standpoints from a rule utilitarian and an act utilitarian to decipher their responses to abortion, and investigate both claims to come to a conclusion if or if not utilitarianism is adequate enough argument to address abortion. First the definition of utilitarianism is, â€Å"An act is morally right if and only if it does more to improve overall happiness than any available alternative† (Farley). Overall happinessRead MoreIn Intro to Ethics, we have discussed each moral theory in the context of how the theories dealt1000 Words   |  4 PagesIntro to Ethics, we have discussed each moral theory in the context of how the theories dealt with the theory of right conduct and with the deontic status the action had. When we looked at how each theory we talked about dealt with deontic status, we looked at how the actions were right or wrong. The main theories we looked at this semester that dealt with right conduct were utilitarianism, Kant’s moral theory, and virtue ethics. Although each of these moral theories has its own flaws, I believe thatRead MoreJames Liang And The Volkswagen Emission Scandal Essay1314 Words   |  6 Pagesethics and rule utilitarianism, and focus on analyzing the moral im plications of Liang’s actions in reference to these moral theories. Kantian duty ethics, also known as deontology, is based on a few key principles: first, that an act is morally valuable if the will is perfectly aligned with duty; second, that the responsibilities of duty are imposed on all rational beings and are universal; third, that morality is based on the purity of one’s will, i.e. the consequences of an action are irrelevantRead MoreCultural Relativism : A Moral Theory1676 Words   |  7 Pagesdirect any political, economic, or cultural activities. Their role was mainly to cook and take care of the children. For many of us this is not morally correct since most of us in western societies consider that women should have the same rights as men have. However, according to cultural relativism the ideals of the Patriarchal society wouldn t be morally wrong since morality is relative to what each society considers it s guiding ideals, even if that includes the discrimination of women. CulturalRead MoreThe Ethical Theory Of Utilitarianism912 Words   |  4 PagesUtilitarianism is just one of many ethical theories used and studied in the world that we live in today. Many people would choose to disagree with the ideals that this theory embodies, but before someone chooses to disagree with it, they should know more about the theory instead of judging a book by its cover. In the theory of Utilitarianism, it is believed that an action that is morally right will bear the most favorable balance between good and bad, and that is when everyone’s interest is takenRead MoreEssay about Utilitarianism785 Words   |  4 PagesUtilitarianism What is Utilitarianism? Utilitarianism is a philosophical concept that holds an action to be held right if it tends to promote happiness for the greatest number of people. Utilitarians define the morally right actions as those actions that maximize some non-moral good or happiness and minimize some non-moral evil. Pleasure is an example of a non-moral good and pain is an example of a non- moral evil. A utilitarian will fous on the consequences of an act rather than on the intristicRead MoreHappiness And Happiness1736 Words   |  7 Pagesmake the decision if it’s morally right or wrong. This is where many types of utilitarian has emerged but the 3 time period will be addressed: Historical utilitarianism, Classical utilitarianism, and Modern utilitarianism. They are very similar but have important miniscule differences in them that separates them from each other but overall share the same concept of happiness. Key words:Utilitarianism, Modern utilitarianism, Classical Utilitarianism, Act/Rule utilitarianism, Jeremy Bentham, John StuartRead MoreUtilitarianism, By Jeremy Bentham And John Stuart Mill1678 Words   |  7 PagesUtilitarianism is an ethical theory that claims one is morally right when an action serves the ultimate interest of bringing about the most overall happiness. Any action that produces less happiness than an available alternative is not morally just. In fact, any action that produces pain, as opposed to pleasure, is considered unjust. Whether an action is right or wrong is independent of the intentions of the person committing the action. An act is right in virtue of its actual results, not its expectedRead MoreConsequentialism And Consequentialism : Virtue Ethics, Consequentialism, And Deontology1200 Words   |  5 Pagesprescribe rules on what people ought to do based on various criteria such as obligation, human rights, and virtue. More precisely, it is a development and establishment of one’s moral principle. And under the normative ethics, there are three categories of ethical frameworks: virtue ethics, consequentialism, and deontology. In this essay, I will more concentrate on consequentialism, especially utilitarianism, and deontology to make compare and contrast analysis of each other and how each case worksRead MoreThe Principle Of Utility, And Hedonic Calculus905 Words   |  4 Pagesact or rule utilitarianism is superior and why. I will begin by defining important terms like utilitarianism, the principle of utility, and hedonic calculus. Then I will move on to defining act utilitarianism and its strengths and weaknesses. I will then do the same with rule utilitarianism. I will argue that rule is superior to act, in the sense that it is more relevant to society as a whole, and it has more benefits for society. Rule utilitarianism is superior to act utilitarianism because it

Effects of Outsourcing and Devolvement †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Effects of Outsourcing and Devolvement. Answer: Introduction: The identified report has been prepared with the objective of analysing the internal and external environment of Unilever in Singapore. In fast moving consumer goods industry, Unilever is one of the most famous leading suppliers ("Unilever Singapore", 2017). Already Unilever has created its presence in more than 180 countries with worlds most loved and well-known brands (Anderson, Woolley, 2012). The brands are Dove, Lipton and Walls so on. Unilever products are used by 2.5 billion people every day with the expectation of looking good, feeling good and getting more out of their usual life. Unilever successfully meets every day needs of its consumers for hygiene, personal care and nutrition. Unilevers aim is to grow its business with positive environmental and social impact. The main corporate focus of Singapore Unilever states that for achieving success one aspect is playing a significant role in its business activities. The aspect explains utmost standards of corporate behaviour are a must required thing towards every person the company works with, the company touches including towards environment on which the company has a great impact on its activities (Eisel, Wong, Carlile, 2014). Moreover, Singapore Unilever continues to work with ambitious aims i.e. halving the Companys environmental impact, improving the wellbeing and health of more than 1 billion people and boosting the livelihoods of overall millions. PESTEL Analysis of Singapore Unilever PESTEL is a tool that analyses the Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal factors present in the external environment of any particular aspect. Political, government actions and changes have a considerable amount of impact on the activities of a business organisation. The elements such as trading tariffs, restriction on trade, government policies including price control, taxation and visa requirements are given most emphasis while doing an analysis of the political factors associated with Singapore market (Rotha?rmel, 2017). Approximately fifty years ago Unilever had established its existence in Singapore with edible food items and detergent business. In Singapore political risks are quite low. As per the findings of Political and Economic Risk Consultancy (PERC) being a democratic country, Singapore enjoys lowest political risk factors (Eisel, Wong, Carlile, 2014). The presence of political stability in Singapore provides Unilever with the opportunities to grow and expand free business relations. Singapores economy is a vibrant and free-market type in nature. Economic factors are mainly associated with the analysis of economic growth level, interest rates, local citizens wealth, current inflation rate and the exchange rate of currency. In the existence of economic stability of Singapore, Unilever Company can expect growth of its business in terms of the fast moving consumer goods market value and size. High growth, economic stability and increasing wage rate of Singapore provide positive aspects to Unilevers business (Huang, Jia, Wyer, 2016). The aspects are more profit from increasing sales, overcoming the threats of increasing costs, highlighting opportunities and future scopes for further development etc. Traditional values and cultures are maintained by the families of residence of Singapore. Actually social factors deal with the analysis of gender distribution, age, fashion interests, literacy rate, population growth and cultural norms of a particular area where the concerned organisation operates its business activities (Boyle, Ottensmeyer, 2015). In Singapore, the literacy rate is very high. The residents of Singapore work hard to fulfil their materialism desire. These socio-cultural trends majorly affect Unilevers macro-environmental business activities of Singapore. According to the culture, traits, preference, tastes and habits of the people of Singapore, Unilever develops and modifies its products to satisfy the needs of its customers (Huang, Jia, Wyer, 2016). Technological factors Singapores IT infrastructure is commendable. Technological factors are generally concerned with technological environment and advancement. In Singapores technological advancement, premise internet plays an important role in increasing the ease of communication and connectivity. Unilever always shows dependency on the available technologies for supporting its business of consumer goods (Boyle, Ottensmeyer, 2015). The factors which are present both in opportunities and threats of the technological premise are given more priority. The factors are increasing business automation, increasing RD investments and declining cost of shipping based on the technological efficiencies. Increasing business automation with proper distribution and supply chain efficiencies are great opportunities for Singapore Unilever for achieving the business goals (Key, Czaplewski, 2017). Ecological conditions and trends have a huge influence on the macro environment of Unilever in Singapore. Ecological factors present in Singapore significantly affect Unilevers business of consumer goods. The factors are such as increasing interest in business ecology, rising business efforts given for sustainability and alarming increase in the complexity of the environmental programs (Anderson, Woolley, 2012). In Singapore, Unilevers operational strategy must think about the internal business process and product innovation for the purpose of practising less negative impact of business on the environment. These types of effort can increase Unilevers capability to satisfy the complex environmental factors. Unilever in Singapore identifies the impacts of legal rules and systems on the macro-environment of its business. Singapores Unilever has a scope of strengthening its brand loyalty and corporate image through matching the environmental regulation with the strategies of corporate social responsibilities. The other opportunities of Unilever in Singapore are strengthening the laws related to international patent and a consumer right (Kohli, 2017). An opportunity is created by the strength of law of consumer right to the company that it can improve the qualities of customer services including the quality and the standards of its products. Porters Five Forces analysis of Singapore Unilever Unilever in Singapore effectively competes with the whole worlds consumer goods market. For the purpose of understanding the impacts of all the external factors present in a firms environment, Michael Porters Five Forces Analysis is used by the business organisations as a management and control tool. The intensities of five forces which are affecting the business activities of Unilever in Singapore can be segregate in three division i.e. strong force, moderate force and weak force (McGee, 2014). The strong forces are competition or competitive rivalry and buyers or consumers bargaining power. The moderate force is bargaining power of the suppliers. Substitution or threat of substitute and threat of new entry are considered as the weak force. In the present competitive business environment of Singapore, competition is taken as a major force which affects Unilevers industry to a large extent. This particular section of Five Forces analysis plays a vital role in identifying all the external factors which present the impacts of companies on each other (Anderson, Woolley, 2012). Increasing number of firms, increasing aggressiveness of the firms and low switching costs are imposing strong forces on Unilever in Singapore. Low costs of switching brands and availability of high-quality information are the major external factors which lead Unilever towards the strong force of bargaining power of the consumers to existing in consumers goods market of Singapore. The presence of low switching costs provides ease to the consumers for switching from the Unilevers products to the other companies substitute products (Boyle, Ottensmeyer, 2015). Besides, the buyers of consumer goods market in Singapore have a huge access to the high level of quality information i.e. online information available regarding the goods. This indicates the bargaining power of buyers is a major force that affects consumer goods business of Unilever in Singapore. Singapore Unilevers supplier's bargaining power is a moderate force which has a great impact on the supply level available to the firm (Laursen, Andersen, 2016). The influences of the suppliers are analysed in details in this section of the Five Force analysis. The moderate forces of this section are the moderate size of the individual suppliers, the moderate population of the suppliers and overall supply capability of the suppliers is also moderate. A moderate population of the suppliers allows them to impose extensively but restricted influence on Singapore Unilever (Eisel, Wong, Carlile, 2014). Though the bargaining power of the suppliers is significant but it imposes moderate impact in the Unilevers consumer goods environment at Singapore. Threat of substitutes Substitutes have the power that can reduce Singapore Unilevers strength and revenues come from the consumer goods business industry. Low switching costs are major strong forces and low availability of substitutes along with low concern of price ratio of substitutes are the weak forces which are responsible for the threat of substitution (Slater, Hult, Olson, 2010). Most of the Unilever products substitutes in Singapore have a low performance with the insignificant difference in costs while comparing with the other readily available consumer goods. This particular fact attracts more effectively the consumers towards Unilever products rather than the substitutes available in consumer goods market of Singapore. Unilever in Singapore competes with many established firms as well as the newcomer firms of consumer goods market. High cost involved in brand development and a high proportion of economies of scale are the external factors that weaken the existing and future threats of new entries against Unilever (Amelia, 2014). At the same time, low cost of switching brands enables the new entrants for imposing strong force in opposition to Unilever in Singapore. Based on this particular section of Porters Five Force analysis, the threats of new entrants can be considered as a minor external force of the Unilevers business environment in Singapore. Management Recommendations Through the identification of target market segmentation in the Singapore, the company must introduce latest products and brands as per the suitability of the company. Effective and timely extension of new brands will lead Unilevers sales maintaining its established position in the consumer goods market of Singapore (Seltene, Brunel, 2017). Also, such decision-making will improve the external business environment present in Unilevers consumer goods business in Singapore. The first management recommendation is about the aspects which will help in strengthening the customer development department of Unilever in Singapore. As one of the major and biggest departments of Singapore Unilever is customer development department, effective and timely maintenance of the department must be done by the management (Reichel, Lazarova, 2013). Through ensuring the continuous availability of demanding consumer goods and satisfying the consumers with reasonable price, Unilever will be able to maintain permanently its brand loyalty of the customers (Ansoff, 2014). In Singapore, Unilever must maintain a healthy consumer-seller relationship to keep away the other substitutes from the preference of the customers. The supply chain department of Unilever in Singapore comprises some areas such as planning for shipments and production, negotiation with the suppliers, enforcement of the contracts with the suppliers. In addition, the department is also concerned about monitoring the level of customer services and satisfactions of the companys products (Ansoff, 2014). The Singapore Unilever must develop and implement effective plans which will help in maximising the delivery of the products to the customers as fast as possible to avoid the threats of switching brands. This will also help Unilever in maintain a sound relationship with the suppliers of Singapores consumer goods market. The marketing department has two major factors which have a great impact on the business activities of Unilever in Singapores consumer goods market. The factors are brand building and brand development. In Singapores consumer goods market Unilever must consider the facts i.e. consumers demand oriented production, proper maintenance of accountability and responsibility of promotional activities and respect the thoughts and preferences of the consumers (Hitt, Ireland, Hoskisson, 2017). Marketing is something through which a company can reach to the potential and existing customers of its products. By keeping the levels of effectiveness of marketing actions high, Unilever will be able to maintain its brand image in the consumer goods business of Singapore. Conclusion In the conclusion of the whole discussion, it can be stated that the generic strategies developed from Porters model can be used for ensuring business growth and flexibility of Singapore Unilever. Portes Five Forces analysis of Unilever of Singapore highlights the bargaining power of consumers and competitive rivalry as the major issues which have high intensity of affecting the companys external business environment. Unilever in its Singapore business market must strengthen its competitive advantages through continuous product innovation. One of the most important findings of Portes Five Forces analysis is Unilever must improve its consumer relation for the purpose attracting and retaining more customers. The tactic will also help Singapore Unilever to maintain the reputation even in the presence of its major competitive firms of Singapores consumer goods market. The strategic analysis of Unilever of Singapore identifies numerous threats and opportunities on which Unilever must give more emphasis. The analysis will assure the growth, development and worldwide expansion of Unilever in the consumer goods business. Singapore Unilever must look up the sustainability issues so that the organisation can properly address the opportunities concerning business sustainability. Discussed issues based on Porters model and PESTEL analysis of Singapore Unilever indicates the necessity of focusing on business sustainability and innovation. References Amelia, N. (2014). Consumer's brand preference over cyber brand and extension brand.International Journal Of Trade And Global Markets,7(3), 175. Anderson, J., Woolley, M. (2012). Towards Strategic Sourcing: The Unilever Experience.Business Strategy Review,13(2), 65-73. Ansoff, H. (2014).Strategic management (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. Boyle, M., Ottensmeyer, E. (2015). Solving business problems through the creative power of the arts: catalyzing change at Unilever.Journal Of Business Strategy,26(5), 14-21. Eisel, J., Wong, T., Carlile, M. (2014). Celebrating 10years of partnership between FDI and Unilever.International Dental Journal,64, 35-37. Hitt, M., Ireland, R., Hoskisson, R. (2017).Strategic management(1st ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Huang, Y., Jia, Y., Wyer, R. (2016). The Effects of Physical Distance from a Brand Extension on the Impact of Brand-Extension Fit.Psychology Marketing,34(1), 59-69. Key, T., Czaplewski, A. (2017). Upstream social marketing strategy: An integrated marketing communications approach.Business Horizons,60(3), 325-333. Kohli, C. (2017). Branding consumer goods: insights from theory and practice.Journal Of Consumer Marketing,14(3), 206-219. Laursen, L., Andersen, P. (2016). Supplier involvement in NPD: A quasi-experiment at Unilever.Industrial Marketing Management,58, 162-171. McGee, J. (2014).Strategic management(1st ed.). Chichester: Wiley. Reichel, A., Lazarova, M. (2013). The Effects of Outsourcing and Devolvement on the Strategic Position of HR Departments.Human Resource Management,52(6), 923-946. Rotha?rmel, F. (2017).Strategic management(1st ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Seltene, M., Brunel, O. (2017). Brand extension: the moderating role of the category to which the brand extension is found.Journal Of Product Brand Management,17(6), 393-402. Slater, S., Hult, G., Olson, E. (2010). Factors influencing the relative importance of marketing strategy creativity and marketing strategy implementation effectiveness.Industrial Marketing Management,39(4), 551-559. Unilever Singapore. (2017).Unilever Singapore. Retrieved May 2017, from https://www.unilever.com.sg/